Literature collection EMS / EMA
“ EMS combats back pain very effectively”
(Kemmler et al. (2018); “Effects of whole-body electrical stimulation on chronic nonspecific back pain in adults: a randomized and controlled trial.”)
Whole-body EMS training shows significant effects on the body composition of older people with a low training volume (approx. 45 min/week) and a short intervention period (14 weeks). For people with low cardiac and orthopedic resilience, WB-EMS could be a suitable alternative to conventional training programs .
(Kemmler et al. (2009); “Influence of adjuvant EMS training on body composition and cardiac risk factors in older men with metabolic syndrome”)
The study shows for the first time the effect of EMS training on heart failure patients. The improvements in terms of objective performance as well as the optimization of muscle physiological and metabolic parameters far exceed the results after conventional forms of aerobic training in the context of primary and secondary cardiac rehabilitation in patients with CHI. The chosen form of training has great potential in the treatment of patients with heart failure.
Electromyostimulation EMS in cardiological patients. Is EMS training important for secondary prevention? Bad Oeynhausen Heart Clinic, 2010 (FRITZSCHE, D. / FRUEND, A. / SCHENK, S. / MELLWIG, K.-P. / KLEINÖDER, H. / GUMMERT, J. / HORSTKOTTE , D., Bad Oeynhausen Heart Clinic, Herz 2010; 35 (1): 34–40)
Dynamic whole-body EMS training proved to be a highly effective training method when comparing different types of training to increase strength and speed. Whole-body EMS was the only form of training that could improve sports-relevant maximum performance via the movement speed factor. In addition, pronounced long-term effects open up new possibilities in training periodization. The well-dosed use of whole-body EMS in combination with dynamic movement represents a promising combination for strength and speed training.
Short- and long-term training effects through mechanical and electrical stimulation on strength diagnostic parameters, German Sport University Cologne, 2008 (SPEICHER, U. / NOWAK, S. / SCHMITHÜSEN J. / KLEINÖDER, H. / MESTER, J., German Sport University Cologne 2008; published among others in BISp yearbook – research funding 2008/09)
EMS training is therefore an alternative for people who are not in the physical condition or are simply unwilling to carry out a conventional intensive sports program. EMS training should also be considered as a method in rehabilitation or for the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases.
Kemmler, W., Teschler, M., Weissenfels, A., Bebenek, M., Von Stengel, S., Kohl, M., Freiberger, E., Goisser, S., Jakob, F., Sieber, C. & Engelke, K. (2016b). Whole-body electrostimulation to fight sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older women at risk. Results of the randomized controlled FORMOsA-sarcopenic obesity study. Osteoporosis International, 27, 3261–3270 .
Suchkriterien: NMES, calories, energy expenditure
Effect of neuromuscular electrical muscle stimulation on energy expenditure in healthy adults.
Hsu MJ, Wei SH, Chang YJ. Sensors (Basel). 2011;11(2):1932-42. doi: 10.3390/s110201932. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
This study suggested NMES may be used to serve as an additional intervention for weight loss programs. Future studies to develop electrical stimulators or stimulation electrodes to maximize the comfort of NMES are recommended.
Effect of neuromuscular electrical muscle stimulation on energy expenditure in healthy adults.
Hsu MJ, Wei SH, Chang YJ. Sensors (Basel). 2011;11(2):1932-42. doi: 10.3390/s110201932. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
The GEE model demonstrated that a linear dose-response relationship existed between the stimulation intensity and the increase of energy expenditure. No subject’s demographic or anthropometric characteristics tested were significantly associated with the increase of energy expenditure. This study suggested NMES may be used to serve as an additional intervention for weight loss programs. Future studies to develop electrical stimulators or stimulation electrodes to maximize the comfort of NMES are recommended.
Perez-De-Arrilucea-Le-Floc’h UA, Dote-Montero M, Carle-Calo A, Sánchez-Delgado G, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Metabolites. 2022 Aug 24;12(9):781. doi: 10.3390/metabo12090781.
None of the impulse frequencies altered the RER during uphill walking. WB-EMS increases EE in healthy young men both during resting and uphill walking.
Kim J, Park J, Yang J, Kim Y, Kim I, Shim H, Jang C, Kim M, Kim M, Lee B. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 24;20(1):299. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010299.
EMS training improved muscle strength and respiratory gas variables and is predicted to contribute to enhanced muscle function and rehabilitation training for athletes with disabilities.
Hioki M, Kanehira N, Koike T, Saito A, Takahashi H, Shimaoka K, Sakakibara H, Oshida Y, Akima H. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021 Jun 22;22(1):569. doi: 10.1186/s12891-021-04456-6.
In conclusion, the EMS intervention induced a significant reduction in plasma glucose, but not IMCL content, in the VL of older adults.
Suchkriterien: Middle frequency electrical stimulation
Kim Y, Cho HJ, Park HS. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2018 Aug 20;15(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s12984-018-0421-8.
We found that tMFAC stimulation immediately inhibits sensory and motor activity. This pre-clinical study demonstrates a novel technique for TENI using MFAC stimulation and showed that it can effectively inhibit both sensory perception and motor activity. The proposed technique can be combined with existing rehabilitation devices (e.g., a robotic exoskeleton) to inhibit undesired sensorimotor activities and to accelerate recovery after neurologic injury.
Muscle force production with low and medium frequency burst modulated biphasic pulsed currents.
Bellew JW, Sanders K, Schuman K, Barton M. Physiother Theory Pract. 2014 Feb;30(2):105-9. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2013.823582. Epub 2013 Aug 12.
Objective: Russian current, a medium frequency burst modulated alternating current (BMAC), is widely used for NMES, but has not been shown to elicit forces near voluntary maximum. In contrast, low frequency BMAC has been shown to produce greater force production than Russian and most recently, medium frequency burst modulated biphasic pulsed current (BMBPC) elicited greater force than Russian. Whether low frequency BMBPC yields greater force than medium frequency BMBPC is unknown. This study examined elicited forces using BMBPC with low and medium frequency carrier currents.
Design: A cross-over design where percent maximal isometric knee extensor forces (%MVIF) elicited using BMBPC with low or medium kilohertz carrier frequencies were compared in 23 subjects. Perceived discomfort was also assessed. Data were compared using paired samples t-tests.
Results: 98.4% of the MVIF was elicited with the low frequency BMBPC which was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than the 40.4% yielded by the medium frequency current. Cohen’s d effect size of 2.146 indicated a “huge effect”. Perceived discomfort of the low frequency current was 5.7/10 and was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than the medium frequency current (3.6/10).
Conclusion: BMBPC with low frequency carrier current elicits forces approximating maximal volitional force. These findings offer new evidence with strong clinical implications when using NMES.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is feasible in patients with acute heart failure.
Kondo T, Yamada S, Tanimura D, Kazama S, Ishihara T, Shimojo M, Iwata E, Kondo S, Hiraiwa H, Kato T, Sano H, Awaji Y, Okumura T, Murohara T. ESC Heart Fail. 2019 Oct;6(5):975-982. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12504. Epub 2019 Aug 28.
NMES is feasible in patients with AHF from immediately after admission.
Hidmark A, Spanidis I, Fleming TH, Volk N, Eckstein V, Groener JB, Kopf S, Nawroth PP, Oikonomou D. Clin Ther. 2017 Jun;39(6):1132-1144.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.05.340. Epub 2017 May 27.
Three EMS treatments decreased symptoms of pain caused by DN and reduced diastolic blood pressure and biomarkers of stress. A single EMS treatment increased molecules mediating attachment and differentiation on the surface of HSCs in circulation. We hypothesize that the EMS-induced increase in surface attachment molecules on the HSCs caused the HSCs to leave circulation and that EMS treatment improves the function of HSCs and EPCs in vivo.
Tanaka S, Masuda T, Kamiya K, Hamazaki N, Akiyama A, Kamada Y, Maekawa E, Noda C, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Ako J. Int Heart J. 2016 Dec 2;57(6):676-681. doi: 10.1536/ihj.15-493. Epub 2016 Nov 4.
In conclusion, a single session of NMES with muscle contraction enhanced vascular endothelial function, leading to improvement in peripheral blood circulation without inducing excessive cardiovascular and autonomic responses in patients with AMI
Wissensdatenbank Maximalkraft und Hypertrophie:
Alon, G., McCombre, S.A., Koutsantonis, S., Stumphauzer, L.J., Burgwin, K.C., Parent, M.M., & Bosworth, R.A. (1987). Com#parison of the Effects of Electrical Stimulation and Exercise on Abdominal Musculature. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 8 (12), 567-573.
Andersen, L.L., & Aagaard, P. (2006). Influence of maximal muscle strength and intrinsic muscle contractile properties on contractile rate of force development. Eur J Appl Physiol, 96, 46-52.
Balogun, J.A., Onilari, O.O., Akeju, A.O., & Marzouk, D.K. (1993). High Voltage Electrical Stimulation in the Augmentation of Muscle Strength: Effects of Pulse Frequency. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 74, 910-6.
Boutelle, D., Smith, B., & Malone, T. A Strength Study Utilizing the Electro-Stim 180. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 7(2), 50-53.
Cabric, M., & Appell, H. J. (1987a). Zur Wirkung hochfrequenter EMS auf Muskelkraft und Muskelmasse. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 38 (1), 15-18.
Cabric, M., & Appell, H. J. (1987b). Effect of electrical stimulation of high and low frequency on maximum isometric force and some morphological characteristics in men. Int J Sports Med, 8 (4), 256-260.
Colson, S., Martin, A., & Van Hoecke, J. (2000). Reexamination of training effects by electrostimulation in the human elbow musculoskeletal system. Int J Sports Med, 21 (4), 281-288.
Currier, D.P., & Mann, R. (1983). Muscular Strength Development by Electrical Stimulation in Healthy Individuals. Physical Therapy, 63 (6), 915-921.
Eriksson, E., Haggmark, T., Kiessling, K. H., & Karlsson, J. (1981). Effect of electrical stimulation on human skeletal muscle. Int. J Sports Med., 2 (1), 18-22.
Giovanni Fiorilli, Federico Quinzi, Andrea Buonsenso, Giusy Casazza, Luigi Manni, Attilio Parisi, Alfonso Di Costanzo, Giuseppe Calcagno, Marzia Soligo, Alessandra di Cagno (2021). A Single Session of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Increases Muscle Strength, Endurance and proNGF in Early Parkinson Patients . Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May; 18(10): 5499. Published online 2021 May 20. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105499
Gondin, J., Guette, M., Ballay, Y., & Martin, A. (2005). Electromyostimulation training effects on neural drive and muscle architecture. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37 (8), 1291-1299.
Gondin, J., Guette, M., Ballay, Y., & Martin, A. (2006). Neural and muscular changes to detraining after electrostimulation training. Eur J Appl Physiol, 97 (2), 165-173
Holger Stephan, Udo Frank Wehmeier, Tim Förster, Fabian Tomschi, Thomas Hilberg (2023). Additional Active Movements Are Not Required for Strength Gains in the Untrained during Short-Term Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Training . Healthcare (Basel) 2023 Mar; 11(5): 741. Published online 2023 Mar 3. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11050741
Kots, J.M. & Chwilon, W. (1971). Das Muskelkrafttraining mit der Methode der Elektromyostimulation (russ.). In: Adrianowa, G. et al. (1974). Die Anwendung der Elektrostimulation für das Training der Muskelkraft.
Kreuzer, S., Kleinoeder, H., & Mester, J. (2006). Effects of whole body electro stimulation training and traditional strength training on various strength and blood parameter in juvenile elite water polo players. In: H. Hoppeler, T. Reilly, E. Tsolakidis,
- Gfeller & S. Klossner (Eds.) (Vol. 11, pp. 264). Cologne: Sportverlag Strauss.
Kubiak, R.J., Whitman, K.M., & Johnston, R.M. (1987). Changes in Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Strength Using Isometric Exercise Versus Electrical Stimulation. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 8 (11), 537-541.
Lai, H.S., de Domenico, G., & Straus, G.R., (1988). The Effect of Different Electro-Motor Stimulation Training Intensities on Strength Improvement. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 34 (3), 151-164.
Laughman, R.K., Youdas, J.W., Garrett, T.R., & Chao, E.Y.S. (1983). Strength Changes in the Normal Quadriceps Femoris Mu#scle as a Result of Electrical Stimulation. Physical Therapy, 63 (4), 494-499.
Ludwig O, Berger J, Schuh T, Backfisch M, Becker S, Fröhlich M. J Sports Sci Med. 2020 Aug 13;19(3):535-546. eCollection 2020 Sep. PMID: 32874107 Free PMC article. Can A Superimposed Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Intervention Enhance the Effects of a 10-Week Athletic Strength Training in Youth Elite Soccer Players?
Maffiuletti, N. A., Cometti, G., Amiridis, I. G., Martin, A., Pousson, M., & Chatard, J. C. (2000). The effects of electromyostimu#lation training and basketball practice on muscle strength and jumping ability. Int J Sports Med, 21 (6), 437-443.
Maffiuletti, N. A., Zory, R., Miotti, D., Pellegrino, M. A., Jubeau, M., & Bottinelli, R. (2006). Neuromuscular adaptations to electrostimulation resistance training. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 85 (2), 167-175.
Martin, L., Cometti, G., Pousson, M., & Morlon, B. (1994). The influence of electrostimulation on mechanical and morpholo#gical characteristics of the triceps surae. J Sports Sci, 12 (4), 377-381.
Matsuse, H., Shiba, N., Umezu, Y., Nago, T., Tagawa, Y., Kakuma, T., Nagata, K., & Basford, J.R. (2006). Muscle Training by Means of Combined Electrical Stimulation and Volitional Contraction. Aviat Space Environ Med, 77, 581–585.
McMiken, D.F., Todd-Smith, M. & Thompson, C. (1983). Strengthening of human quadriceps muscles by cutaneous electri#cal stimulation. Scand J Rehab Med, 15 (1), 25-28.
Miller, C., & Thépaut-Mathieu, C. (1993). Strength Training by Electrostimulation Conditions for Efficacy. In. J Sports Med, 14 (1), 20-28.
Pichon, F., Chatard, J. C., Martin, A., & Cometti, G. (1995). Electrical stimulation and swimming performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27 (12), 1671-1676.
Portmann, M., & Montpetit, R. (1991). Effects of training by static and dynamic electrical stimulation on the muscular contraction. Science & Sports, 6, 193-203.
Rich, N. C. (1992). Strength training via high frequency electrical stimulation. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 32 (1), 19-25.
Ruther, C.L., Golden, C.L. Harris, R.T., Dudley, G.A. (1995). Hypertrophy, resistance training, and the nature of skeletal musc#le activation. Journal of strength and Conditioning Research, 9, 155-159.
Selkowitz, D.M. (1985). Improvement in Isometric Strength of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle after Training with Electrical Stimulation. Physical Therapy, 65(2), 186-196.
Soo, C.-L., Currier, D.P., & Threlkeld, A.J. (1988). Augment in Voluntary Torque of Healthy Muscle by Optimization of Electri#cal Stimulation. Phys Ther (United States), 68 (3), 333-337.
Stevenson, S.W., Dudley, G.A. (2001). Dietary creatine supplementation and muscular adaptation to resistive overload. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, 1304-1310
Yin Qin, Hui Chen, Xiaoying Liu, Jiwei Wu, Yinxin Zhang (2022). Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation training on upper limb muscles strength and body composition in moderately trained males: A randomized controlled study . Front Public Health.; 10: 982062. Published online 2022 Sep 9. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.982062
Wissensdatenbank Schnellkraft und Leistung:
Andersen, L.L., & Aagaard, P. (2006). Influence of maximal muscle strength and intrinsic muscle contractile properties on contractile rate of force development. Eur J Appl Physiol, 96, 46-52.
Babault, N., Cometti, G., Bernardin, M., Pousson, M. &Chatard, J.-C. (2007). Effects of Electromyostimulation Training on Muscle Strength and Power of Elite Rugby Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(2), 431-437.
Colson, S., Martin, A., & Van Hoecke, J. (2000). Reexamination of training effects by electrostimulation in the human elbow musculoskeletal system. Int J Sports Med, 21(4), 281-288.
Kleinöder, H. (2007). Muskeltraining der Zukunft: Wissenschaftliche und praktische Anwendung von Ganz-körper-Elekt#romyostimulations-Training (GK-EMS) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Krafttrainings. Medicalsports network, 4/07.
Maffiuletti, N. A., Cometti, G., Amiridis, I. G., Martin, A., Pousson, M., & Chatard, J. C. (2000). The effects of electromyostimu#lation training and basketball practice on muscle strength and jumping ability. Int J Sports Med, 21(6), 437-443.
Speicher, U., Schmithüsen J., Nowak, S., Kleinöder, H., de Marées, M., & Mester, J. (2008). Effects of dynamic electromyosti#mulation on current strength-diagnostics. (Noch unveröffentlichter BiSP Bericht 20
Wissensdatenbank Sprint und Sprung:
Babault, N., Cometti, G., Bernardin, M., Pousson, M. &Chatard, J.-C. (2007). Effects of Electromyostimulation Training on Muscle Strength and Power of Elite Rugby Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(2), 431-437.
Brocherie, F., Babault, N., Cometti, G., Maffiuletti, N., & Chatard, J. C. (2005). Electrostimulation training effects on the phy#sical performance of ice hockey players. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37(3), 455-460.
Herrero, J. A., Izquierdo, M., Maffiuletti, N. A., & Garcia-Lopez, J. (2006). Electromyostimulation and plyometric training effects on jumping and sprint time. Int J Sports Med,27(7), 533-539.
Kots, J.M. & Chwilon, W. (1971). Das Muskelkrafttraining mit der Methode der Elektromyostimulation (russ.). In: Adrianowa, G. et al. (1974). Die Anwendung der Elektrostimulation für das Training der Muskelkraft.
Maffiuletti, N. A., Cometti, G., Amiridis, I. G., Martin, A., Pousson, M., & Chatard, J. C. (2000). The effects of electromyostimu#lation training and basketball practice on muscle strength and jumping ability. Int J Sports Med, 21(6), 437-443.
Maffiuletti, N. A., Dugnani, S., Folz, M., Di Pierno, E., & Mauro, F. (2002a). Effect of combined electrostimulation and plyome#tric training on vertical jump height. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(10), 1638-1644.
Malatesta, D., Cattaneo, F., Dugnani, S., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2003). Effects of electromyostimulation training and volleyball practice on jumping ability. J Strength Cond Res, 17 (3), 573-579.
Paillard, T. (2008). Combined Application of Neuromuskular Electrical Stimulation and Voluntary Muscular Contractions. Sports Med, 38 (2), 161-177.
Pichon, F., Chatard, J. C., Martin, A., & Cometti, G. (1995). Electrical stimulation and swimming performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27(12), 1671-1676.
Ronnestad, B.R., Kvamme, N.H., Sunde, A., & Raastad, T. (2008). Short-Term Effects of Strength and Plyometric Training on Sprint and Jump Performance in Professional Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3), 733-780.
Venable, M.P., Collins, M.A., O´Brynt, H.S., Denegar, C.R., Sedivec, M.J., & Alon, G. (1991). Effects of Supplemental Electrical Stimulation on the Development of Strength, Vertical Jump Performance and Power. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 5 (3), 139-143.
Willoughby, D.S., & Simpson, S. (1996). The Effects of Combined Electromyostimulation and Dynamic Muscular Contrac#tions on the Strength of College Basketball Players. Strength and Cond. Res., 10(1), 40-44.
Willoughby, D.S., & Simpson, S. (1998). Supplemental EMS and Dynamic Weight Training: Effects on Knee Extensor Strength and Vertical Jump of Female College Track & Field Athletes. Strength and Cond. Res., 12 (3), 131-137.
Wissloff, U., Castagna, C. Helgerud, J. Jones, R., & Hoff, J. (2004). Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players. Br. J. Sports Med, 38, 285-288
Wissensdatenbank Ausdauer:
Alon, G., McCombre, S.A., Koutsantonis, S., Stumphauzer, L.J., Burgwin, K.C., Parent, M.M., & Bosworth, R.A. (1987). Com#parison of the Effects of Electrical Stimulation and Exercise on Abdominal Musculature. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 8(12), 567-573.
Ballantyne, E., Donne, B. (1999): Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on static and dynamic abdominal strength and endurance in healthy males. Sport Science, 431.
Kahanovitz, N., Nordin, M., Verderame, R., Parnianpour, M., Yabut, S., Viola, K., Greenidge, N., Mulvihill, M. (1987). Normal trunk muscle strength and endurance in women and the effect of exercises and electrical stimulation. Part 1: Normal en#durance and trunk muscle strength in 101 women. Spine, 12 (2): 105-111.
Kim, C. K., Takala, T. E. S., Seger, J. & Karpakka, J. (1995). Training Effects of Electrically Induced Dynamic Contractions in Human Quadriceps Muscle. Aviat Space Environ Med, 66, 251-255.
Marqueste, T., Hug, F., Decherchi, P. Jammes, Y. (2003). Changes in neuromuscular function after training by functional electrical stimulation. Muscle Nerve 28, 181-188.
Pette, D., Vrbova, G. (1985) Neural control of phenotypic expression in mammalian muscle fibres. Muscle Nerve 8, 676.
Porcari, J., Miller, J., Cornwell, K., Foster, C., Gibson, M., McLean, K., Kernozek, T. (2005). The Effects of Neuromuscular Elec#trical Stimulation Training on Abdominal Strength, Endurance and Selected Anthropometric Measures. J of Sport Science and Medicine, 4, 66-75
Wissensdatenbank Muskel- und Knochenschwund:
Sebastian Willert, Anja Weissenfels, Matthias Kohl, Simon von Stengel, Michael Fröhlich, Heinz Kleinöder, Daniel Schöne, Marc Teschler, Wolfgang Kemmler (2019) . Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation on the Energy-Restriction-Induced Reduction of Muscle Mass During Intended Weight Loss . Front Physiol. 2019; 10: 1012. Published online 2019 Aug 12. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01012
Wolfgang Kemmler, Matthias Kohl, Ellen Freiberger, Cornel Sieber, Simon von Stengel. Effect of whole-body electromyostimulation and / or protein supplementation on obesity and cardiometabolic risk in older men with sarcopenic obesity: the randomized controlled FranSO trial .BMC Geriatr. 2018; 18: 70. Published online 2018 Mar 9. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0759-6
Kristin Schink, Dejan Reljic, Hans J. Herrmann, Julia Meyer, Andreas Mackensen, Markus F. Neurath, Yurdagül Zopf. Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Combined With Individualized Nutritional Support Improves Body Composition in Patients With Hematological Malignancies – A Pilot Study .Front Physiol. 2018; 9: 1808. Published online 2018 Dec 18. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01808
Marc Teschler, Melina Heimer, Boris Schmitz, Wolfgang Kemmler, Frank C. Mooren. Four weeks of electromyostimulation improves muscle function and strength in sarcopenic patients: a three‐arm parallel randomized trial . J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021 Aug; 12(4): 843–854. Published online 2021 Jun 9. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12717
Alexandre Lopes Evangelista, Angelica Castilho Alonso, Raphael M. Ritti-Dias, Bruna Massaroto Barros, Cleison Rodrigues de Souza, Tiago Volpi Braz, Danilo Sales Bocalini, Julia Maria D’andréa Greve . Effects of Whole Body Electrostimulation Associated With Body Weight Training on Functional Capacity and Body Composition in Inactive Older People . Front Physiol. 2021; 12: 638936. Published online 2021 Apr 1. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638936
Effekt von Ganzkörper-Elektromyostimulation – „A series of studies“ Eine alternative Trainingstechnologie zur muskulosskelettalen Prävention bei älteren Menschen Osteologie 1/2015, S. 3-17 W. Kemmler; M. Teschler; S. von Stengel Institut für Medizinische Physik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Whole-Body Electromyostimulation to Fight Osteopenia in Elderly Females: The Randomized Controlled Training and Elec#trostimulation Trial (TEST-III) Simon von Stengel, Michael Bebenek, Klaus Engelke, and Wolfgang Kemmler Institute of Me#dical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany Journal of Osteoporosis Volume 2015, Article ID 643520, 7 pages
Whole-body electromyostimulation as a means to impact muscle mass and abdominal body fat in lean sedentary, older female adults: subanalysis of the TEST-III trial J. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 10/2013 Wolfgang Kemmler, Simon von Stengel
Impact of whole-body electromyostimulation on body composition in elderly women at risk for sarcopenia: the Training and ElectroStimulation Trial (TEST-III) Wolfgang Kemmler, Michael Bebenek, Klaus Engelke, Simon von Stengel Received: 11 December 2012 / Accepted: 29 July 2013 AGE; American Aging Association 2013
Effekte der Ganzkörper-Elektro -myostimulation auf die Knochendichte eines Hochrisikokollektivs für Osteoporose. Eine randomisierte Studie mit älteren, schlanken und sportlich inaktiven Frauen mit Osteopenie. Osteologie 2013; pg 22 ff W. Kemmler; M. Bebenek; S. von Stengel Institut für Medizinische Physik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Ganzkörper-Elektromyostimulation zur Prävention der Sarkopenie bei einem älteren Risikokollektiv. Die TEST-III Studie Kemmler W, Engelke K, von Stengel S Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin Jahrgang 63, Nr. 12 (2012)